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Varuna : The Ocean God

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At a glance

Description
Origin Indian Mythology
Classification Gods
Family Members Kashyapa (Father), Varunani, Gauri Charshini (Wives), Vasishta (Son)
Region India
Associated With Oceans, Seas, Sky

Varuna

Introduction

Varuna, a prominent Hindu god, is associated with the sky, oceans, and water. In the Vedic scriptures, he is often paired with the god Mitra and revered as the lord of Ṛta (justice) and Satya (truth). His name derives from the Sanskrit root “vṛ,” signifying both “to surround” or “to cover” (referring to the cosmological ocean) and “to restrain” or “bind” (alluding to universal law or Ṛta). Varuna is a significant deity in Indian mythology, primarily connected with water, the celestial ocean, and the law of the cosmos, known as Rta. One of the oldest gods mentioned in the Vedas, Varuna’s role has evolved over time from a supreme deity overseeing moral and natural order to a god of the oceans and rivers. Despite his transformations through history, Varuna remains a powerful and revered figure in Hindu culture, transitioning from a supreme deity in the Vedic period to a guardian god in later Hinduism.

Physical Traits

Depictions of Varuna vary across different eras of Hinduism. In the Vedas, he is not always depicted in human form. However, later texts like the Puranas present him as a handsome and imposing figure, often adorned with golden ornaments. He rides a mythical creature called Makara, a composite of a crocodile and a fish, symbolizing his dominion over the sea and water bodies. Varuna holds a noose (Pasha), representing his role as the upholder of cosmic order, and a water pitcher, signifying his connection to the life-giving element. His iconography often emphasizes his connection to water and the celestial realm.

Varuna is typically depicted as a dignified and regal figure, embodying the grandeur and authority befitting his divine status. He is often shown riding a Makara, a half-fish, half-land animal, symbolizing his dominion over water. In his hands, Varuna holds a noose, a symbol of his ability to bind wrongdoers, and a conch shell, representing his command over the aquatic realm. His four hands signify his multifaceted powers, with one holding a lotus and the other a noose, while the remaining two are in gestures of protection and blessing. Varuna’s complexion is often described as dark blue or black, reflecting the color of the ocean and the night sky, emphasizing his connection to the depths and mysteries of the world.

Family

Varuna’s lineage traces back to the goddess Aditi, making him one of the Adityas, the sons of Aditi. His father is the sage Kashyapa. Varuna has multiple wives, including Varunani (his chief consort) and Gauri Charshani. He fathered many children, including the Vedic sage Vasishtha. Varuna’s family ties are intricately woven into the tapestry of Indian mythology. He belongs to the illustrious lineage of the Adityas, a group of powerful deities born from the union of the sage Kashyapa and his wife Aditi. This places Varuna among the celestial beings responsible for maintaining cosmic order.

Varuna has several brothers, including the prominent gods Indra (god of storms and thunder) and Surya (the sun god). His wife is Varunani, the goddess associated with water and prosperity. In some texts, Varuna is married to Varuni, the goddess of wine and fertility, who complements his aquatic and life-giving aspects. Together, they have children, although specific names and stories vary across different texts and traditions. Varuna’s relationships with other gods, like Indra and Mitra, are also significant, depicting a complex web of divine interactions that highlight his role in the pantheon.

Other names

Varuna is known by various names and epithets that reflect his diverse attributes and roles. In the Rigveda, he is often called “Asura,” denoting his authority and might, and “Dharmapati,” the lord of law and justice. Another name, “Jalapati,” emphasizes his dominion over all forms of water. In later texts, he is also referred to as “Yamuna-Bandhu,” indicating his association with the sacred river Yamuna. These various names illustrate the multifaceted nature of Varuna and his importance in different aspects of life and the natural world.

In the Rigveda, Varuna’s name means “to cover” or “to encompass,” alluding to his vast domain. He is also known as ‘Asura-Raja,’ the king of the Asuras (a class of deities). Notably, the term ‘asura’ took on negative connotations in later Hinduism, but in the Vedic period, it signified a powerful and divine being. In Tamil literature, he is revered as ‘Kadalon,’ the god of the sea and rain. In Japanese Buddhist mythology, he appears as Suiten.

Powers and Abilities

Varuna’s powers are as vast as the oceans he governs. He embodies ‘Ṛta’ (cosmic order) and ‘Satya’ (truth), ensuring the smooth functioning of the universe and maintaining natural order. As the lord of waters, he controls the flow of rivers, the vastness of the oceans, and the life-giving rains. Varuna is also associated with the night sky, with the stars and the moon believed to be his companions. He possesses the power to see and know all, particularly the actions of men, acting as a just and impartial judge who punishes those who transgress the cosmic order and rewards those who uphold it.

Varuna wields a noose (Varunastra) and is linked to the ocean’s depths and cosmic waters. As the guardian of moral law, he punishes the unremorseful sinners and forgives those who repent. His golden-winged messenger bird, Hiranyapaksha, symbolizes his authority. His dominion extends to all bodies of water, including rivers, lakes, and seas, and he regulates rains, making him vital for agriculture and daily life. Varuna also grants boons and protection to his devotees, offering safety and guidance through his divine wisdom. His all-seeing eye, often symbolized by the sun and moon, allows him to observe all actions, further cementing his role as a just and omnipotent deity.

Modern Day Influence

Varuna’s role in the Hindu pantheon has evolved significantly over time. Initially a supreme deity with immense power during the Vedic period, his prominence gradually waned with the rise of gods like Indra. In later Hinduism, Varuna is chiefly recognized as a guardian of the western direction and is associated with oceans and water bodies. Despite this shift, his legacy of cosmic order and justice remains significant.

Varuna’s influence extends beyond ancient texts into modern life. His name is used in various Indian languages to denote the rain god or sea god. The Indian Navy carries his name as a symbol of vastness and control. Environmental movements often reference Varuna to emphasize the importance of water conservation. The name ‘Varuna’ has even been proposed for a potential space mission to study the rings of Uranus.

Though direct worship of Varuna has diminished, his impact persists. Concepts of cosmic order, justice, and truth continue to resonate in Hindu thought and philosophy. He is still invoked in rituals, such as the Varuna Japa for rain and during the Varuna Yajna festival, which aims to ensure plentiful water resources. Varuna’s presence endures in Indian literature and arts, and his symbolism is embraced by institutions like the Indian Navy, reflecting his timeless relevance and contributions to maintaining cosmic and moral order.

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Author:

Nitten Nair is a mythology enthusiast, researcher, and TEDx speaker who brings global myths and legends to life through engaging content on Mythlok. With a passion for exploring both well-known and obscure myths, Nitten delves into the cultural and symbolic meanings behind ancient stories. As the creator of Mythlok, he combines storytelling with deep research to make mythology accessible and relevant to modern audiences. Nitten also shares his insights through podcasts and videos, making him a trusted voice for mythology lovers and scholars alike.

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